Spark plug are designed for various types of engine. It is important that the plug extend into the combustion chamber just the right amount.
Insulator must have special properties. They must resist heat, cold, and sudden temperature changes.Vibration and physical shock must leave them undamaged,and they must resist chemical corrosion.
The heat range is determined by the diameter and length of the insulator as measured from the sealing ring down to the tip.
Some of the brands of car spark plug are: NGK, Bosch
A seat belt, sometimes called a safety belt, is a safety harness designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result from a collision or a sudden stop. As part of an overall occupant restraint system, seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer from hitting hard interior elements of the vehicle or other passengers (the so-called second impact) and by preventing the passenger from being thrown from the vehicle.
Similar to the lap and shoulder, but one single continuous length of webbing. Both three-point and lap-and-sash belts help spread out the energy of the moving body in a collision over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production three-point belt in 1959.The first car with three point belt was a Volvo PV 544 that was delivered to a dealer in Kristianstad on August 13, 1959.The three point belt was developed by Nils Bohlin.
Nils Ivar Bohlin (July 17, 1920 – September 26, 2002) was a Swedish inventor who invented the three-point safety belt while working at Volvo. Born in Harnosand, Sweden, he received a diploma in mechanical engineering from Harnosand Laroverk in 1939. In 1942 he started working for the aircraft maker Saab as an aircraft designer and helped develop ejection seats. In 1958 he joined Volvo as a safety engineer. He is credited with the invention of the modern 3-point safety belt, now a standard safety feature in all cars. He retired in 1985.
In 1999 he was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame. In 2002 he was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Three-point safety belt
Similar to the lap and shoulder, but one single continuous length of webbing. Both three-point and lap-and-sash belts help spread out the energy of the moving body in a collision over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production three-point belt in 1959.The first car with three point belt was a Volvo PV 544 that was delivered to a dealer in Kristianstad on August 13, 1959. The three point belt was developed by Nils Bohlin who earlier had worked on ejection seats at Saab.
Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front seats of cars; the back seats had only lap belts or diagonal belts. Evidence of the potential for lap belts to cause separation of the lumbar vertebrae and the sometimes associated paralysis, or “seat belt syndrome”, has led to a revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries requiring that all seats in a vehicle be equipped with three-point belts. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear.
Besides regulatory changes, “seat belt syndrome” has led to tremendous liability for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $45 million jury verdict against Ford Motor Company the resulting $30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.
History
Seat belts were invented by George Cayley in the late 1800s, though Edward J. Claghorn was granted the first patent (U.S. Patent 312,085, on February 10, 1885 for a safety belt).
American car manufacturers Nash (in 1949) and Ford (in 1955) offered seatbelts as options, while Swedish Saab first introduced seat belts as standard in 1958.
After the Saab GT 750 was introduced at the New York motor show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.
The first three point seat belt (the so-called CIR-Griswold restraint) was patented in 1951 by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh De Haven, and developed to it’s modern form by Nils Bohlin for Swedish manufacturer Volvo – who introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment. Bohlin was granted U.S. Patent 3,043,625 for the device.
In 1970, the state of Victoria, Australia, passed the first law worldwide making seat belt wearing compulsory for drivers and front-seat passengers.
For many years batteries were of 6 volt design. Increasing engine size and the addition of numerous electrical accessories, however, made it necessary to change to the 12V battery that is in common use today.
Voltage of 6 or 12V will not produce a spark that will jump across the electrodes of a spark plug in the combustion chamber.
In modern cars, the voltage available at the spark plug usually exceeds 30,000V. The ignition system must produce such voltage in a completely reliable manner. This means that the battery voltage of 12V must be increased many times.
In Bahasa Malaysia:
Sistem Penalaan
Keperluan Voltan tinggi
Setelah beberapa lama bateri 6 volt telah digunakan. Dengan peningkatan saiz enjin dan penambahan eksesori elektrik, dengan itu ujud keperluan perubahan bateri kepada 12 volt yang telah digunakan masa kini.
Arus 6 Volt atau 12 volt tidak dapat menghasilkan lompatan percikan api pada elektrod di spark plug dalam ruang pembakaran enjin.
Sistem penalaan untuk kereta masa kini, memerlukan peningkatan arus yang tinggi lingkungan 30,000 volt .Sistem penalaan perlu menghasilkan voltan yang diperlukan secara berterusan untuk spark plug. Dengan ini tenaga dari bateri 12 volt perlu dipertingkatkan.
This video shows how automatic transmission gear is assembled. An automotive education video that gives a good idea to regular car owners on how does it look inside your car engine.
Updated Sep 1 2009: The government annouced the price of RON95 is RM1.80 per liter, not RM1.75 per previous price. Meanwhile, RON97 (previously priced at RM1.80) is now sold at RM2.05.
Domestic Trade, Co-operative and Consu-merism Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob, who launched RON95 yesterday, said the new prices were decided based on the current automatic pricing mechanism.
“Although the price is now 5 sen higher, the Government is still subsidising 33.81 sen per litre (of RON95) which is equivalent to RM304mil monthly,” he told reporters.
Aug 27 2009: Effective 1 Sept 2009, RON95 petrol grade will be officially introduced nationwide. All petrol stations are getting ready, in fact many petrol stations have already started selling RON95. Meanwhile, RON92 will be phased out. Previously, the petrol consumers normally fill-in our car is RON97, which is priced RM1.80 per liter. Starting Sept 1, RON97 will be sold at RM2.00, twenty cents more than today’s price and RON97 is reclassified as premium fuel.
Consumers are then offered RON95, RM1.75 per liter as alternative. Most likely, most of them will then switch to RON95 for their car since they do not want to increase their petrol spending by 20 cents more per liter, which translate into 10% additional petrol expenses in their monthly petrol budget.
What is the impact of lower grade petrol to our car?
Radiator merupakan komponen terpenting dalam sesebuah kereta yang menggunakan sistem penyejukkan air.
Fungsi radiator adalah menyerap haba daripada coolant dan menghalang enjin menjadi terlalu panas kerana coolant digunakan untuk menyejukkan bahagian enjin dan kemudian melalui radiator semula, coolant akan disejukkan oleh radiator sebelum masuk kembali ke dalam enjin.
Coolant di radiator juga akan disedut oleh Water Pump dan dikawal oleh thermostat sebelum coolant masuk semula kebahagiaan enjin.
Sistem penyejukan memerlukan pemeriksaan dan penyelengaraan dari masa ke semasa.Antara perkara yang patut dilakukan adalah:-
Periksa tahap coolant di “Radiator Spare Tank” pastikan coolant berada diparas yang ditetapkan, jika kurang tambah dengan air sehingga paras yg telah ditetapkan.
Jika coolant dapati selalu kurang, cuba periksa bahagian penyejukan yang lain seperti radiator, water pump ataupun hose.
High voltage is necessary
